The entire concept (of the spiritual state above) is termed, "one year" where the Sefiros are the Shabbosos of the year. They all culminate on שבת הגדול the "great Shabbos", before Pesach, which is the source for all the Shabbosos of the Year.
Therefore, theses two things, Rosh Chodesh (that begins in Nissan החודש הזה לכם ראש חדשים - the month as the head of all months) and Shabbos, the seventh day and end of the week, are higher than (the four) Rosh Hashana, since they represent the very beginning and very end (while the Rosh Hashana are the middle, in comparison).
These two ideas are the עטרת תפארת - (like we say in קידוש לבנה when we sanctify the new moon) the crown - Malchus and Tiferes and correspond to the sun and the moon.
The 6 summer months, when the day is longer, correspond with the sun. While the 6 winter months, when the night is longer, correspond to the moon לממשלת הלילה - that "rules" in the nighttime.
The blessing on the new moon is when the עטרת - the moon is elevated to תפארת - the sun, lifting it up out of exile.
The reason we don't gaze too long at the rainbow (created from the light of the sun) is that it is a קשת - bow shape 🌈 , the same shape as the letter כ׳ - kof. The letter כ׳ - kof stands for כתר מלכות - the crown of the king. It is improper to gaze too long at the glory of Hashem. So we gaze only once, in order to make the blessing.
Similarly, the moon is also a קשת shape 🌙 and is like the shape of the letter כ׳ - kof. Making the blessing on the moon is therefore considered like greeting the שכינה - divine presence.
(It is possible that it is for this reason that it says in the siddur to only gaze at the moon once before kiddush levana, not necessarily because it might look like avoda zara etc.
However, see further here that the concept of the sun and the moon are also the source for the ע׳ שרים - the seventy nations that worship the sun and the moon. About this it states of the days of Moshiach: וחפרה הלבנה ובושה החמה - "the moon will be ashamed and the sun embarrassed". In reference to such a time the Jewish people are compared to the number of the stars, rather than the moon and its relation to the sun).
From the perush on the second Sefer Hatemunah, letter ו׳ - vov
(From the Tana R' Nechunya ben HaKaneh and R' Yishmael Kohen Gadol. An early Kabbalistic Medrash about the Hebrew letters written down during the time of the Mishna that was never hidden, like the Zohar was, and many laws of S"tam are based on it).
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